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Blue Topaz Pendant: Deception or Mistake?

mrahm — Tue, 15 May 2012 22:36:21 +0000

Wow! What happened to the last two weeks. They’ve slipped away from me in a blink of an eye. I’ve been wanting to share my favorite jewelry story from my trip to Greece and Turkey.

Continuing where we left off after the dyed lapis incident, we were still on the hunt for a nice gemstone for Bob and Kathy. On our last night in Athens, they asked me to take a look at a pendant they spotted at one of the stores in the Plaka shopping area at the foot of the Acropolis.

I saw a beautiful blue topaz pendant for $450 US. The sales person shared with me that the mounting was 18k gold…it had that 18k gold look, so that was believable. Bob and Kathy were less concerned about the gold but rather about the stone. I explained to them that blue topaz is a relatively inexpensive stone, so they were actually paying for the gold in this case. They wanted to know what I thought of the quality of the blue topaz. Armed with my loupe, I asked the salesperson if I could inspect the piece.

The stone was a nice cross checkerboard oval…13 carats according to the salesman. It was clean with good color…but upon turning the piece over, I noticed the inconspicuous .925 stamp on the inside of the pendant. I could feel the blood boil under my skin. For those who are not familiar, .925 indicates the piece is made of sterling silver. This was clearly gold plating over sterling silver made to look like 18k gold. The pendant was worth about $200 at the most.

I flashed a look at the salesperson behind the counter and said, this is not 18k gold, it’s got a .925 sterling silver stamp in it. It’s clearly gold plated silver. Busted on the spot, the salesperson started flipping through some paperwork acting as if this was a surprise to him as well. He finally admitted that yes, it was indeed gold plated silver. Ok, so perhaps he wasn’t aware of this…I could give him the benefit of the doubt, however, the piece was still marked at $450…so it seemed clear to me that there was an intent to deceive…after all, how many tourists carry a loupe!

This was the final straw for Bob and Kathy. They gave up their search for bigger and better gemstones and went home with their initial purchase of one small lapis and one small topaz.

Author: Michelle M. Rahm is a GIA-trained Graduate Gemologist and is President of Colorado’s Mile High Chapter of the GIA Alumni Association. She has been selling gemstones and jewelry online since 1997. Visit her websites JewelryImpressions.com and OurCustomWeddingRings.com

Hidden Treasures

mrahm — Thu, 03 May 2012 04:09:27 +0000

One of my customers today had a fun story I wanted to pass along. She loves jewelry and is always looking for fabulous bargains at garage sales, auctions and antique stores etc. Mary recently visited an antique estate jewelry store where she spotted a gorgeous necklace with blue stones.

The price tag on the piece was $80 and indicated the stones were London blue topaz…likely costume jewelry. Mary loved the necklace and the price, so she bought it. When she got home and looked closer at the necklace she thought her new find was worth far more than the $80 she paid for it…something about the stones just didn’t look like London blue topaz. She took the necklace to a trusted local jeweler who appraised it for $12,000! The London blue topaz stones were actually natural irradiated blue diamonds in a white gold setting. She was so excited she said she felt like she won the lottery.

While both London blue topaz and irradiated blue diamonds have green undertones, the two look completely different. Can you tell which of the stones above is London Blue topaz and which is irradiated blue diamond? The one is front is the blue diamond. This is another example of how even people in the trade don’t always correctly identify stones…Wow, that’s a mistake I wouldn’t want to make!

Mary is the second person I’ve spoken to recently who has scored big on a second-hand purchase. A friend of mine bought a set of nesting dolls for $1 at a garage sale only to discover it was full of coins from all over the world. He didn’t know the actual value when I spoke to him, he just knows his purchase is worth far more than the $1 he paid for it. I think I’ll start hittin’ the garage sales from now on…armed with a loupe!

Lapis Treatments

mrahm — Mon, 30 Apr 2012 19:22:58 +0000

Since my previous post mentioned dyed lapis, I figured I’d take a detour from my jewelry shopping experiences overseas to mention common lapis treatments.

There are several common lapis treatments, none of which is terribly stable. Dying is a common treatment for lapis. It is used to make the blue color more uniform in stones that have a lot of calcite inclusions and/or have a less-appealing color. A sneaky way to determine if a lapis was dyed is to gently rub it in an inconspicuous place with cloth damp with acetone to see if some of some of the color rubs off. Sometimes the color is sealed with wax or plastic, which is not stable when exposed to heat or chemicals.

Sometimes naturally-colored lapis can be wax or oil impregnated to improve its appearance. Likewise, rough lapis is often displayed in water to enhance the appearance of the rough. It’s like when you soak a piece of chalk in water, the color is more prominent than when it is dry.

To be continued…

Dyed Lapis Detected

mrahm — Thu, 26 Apr 2012 18:46:59 +0000

After one store owner in Ephesis told me that his lapis contained lots of real gold flecks, which made it more valuable (bull puckey), I continued my shopping spree to see what else I would find.

One salesman in the Plaka area of Athens had one particular piece of lapis that had an especially bright blue color…unlike all the other pieces. He said the color was because this particular piece was native to Greece. I wish I would have taken a photo of it, but I didn’t. Nevertheless, I pulled out my trusty loupe and examined the piece. I could see the blue color had bled into the calcite veins of the lapis…clearly indicating the beautiful blue color was a result of blue dye. As a side note, natural lapis generally has darker blue rings around the pyrite inclusions, that is normal even if the piece is not dyed. The photo here shows the darker rings around the pyrite inclusions.

When I suggested to the salesman the piece had been dyed, he grabbed it out of my hand and replaced it with a different naturally-colored lapis. I thanked him for his time and left the store.

To be continued…

Does gold in the lapis make it more valuable?

mrahm — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 21:30:29 +0000

After Bob and Kathy showed me their blue topaz that was sold to them as an aquamarine, I thought it would be fun to do a little jewelry “shopping” myself just to see what fun stories I might end up with to share with you. Armed with my loupe I hit the shopping sites in both Greece and Turkey.

Keeping an eye out for a good deal for Bob and Kathy, I was focusing on lapis lazuli and aquamarine. But I also wanted to see if glass-filled rubies were a problem there as well.

In one of the stores, I was looking at a lapis lazuli sterling silver pendant. The lapis had lots of golden flecks in it. The salesperson behind the counter told me that the golden flecks were actually gold and because it had a lot of gold in it, the lapis was more expensive. This is comical…the flecks are not gold, they are golden pyrite and in actuality too much pyrite makes the lapis LESS valuable. I told the sales person the flecks were not gold and I walked out of the store.

In the photo above, you can see small golden pyrite flecks in this lapis lazuli.

To be continued…

Is it topaz or aqua?

mrahm — Fri, 13 Apr 2012 22:21:56 +0000

In my previous post I talked about a woman who clearly thought the moissanite she bought in the Caribbean was really a diamond. I decided after meeting her that I would always have a loupe in my purse in case I ever had to use it for someone. Boy, did that loupe come in handy on my recent trip to Greece and Turkey.

I was blessed with the opportunity to take a Footsteps of Paul trip with a group from my church. One couple in particular was on a quest to find some aquamarine and lapis for their collection of gems of the Bible.

After a shopping stop at the Grand Bizarre in Istanbul Bob wanted to show me his find…a nice oval lapis cabochon and beautiful faceted aquamarine…both pieces for $80. The size of each was probably about 10x8mm oval.

The good news is, the price was relatively reasonable for the stones they received. The bad news is, they didn’t receive an aquamarine but rather a blue topaz. Bob said the jeweler wasn’t completely sure if it was topaz or aquamarine, but he was pretty certain it was aquamarine. It’s kind of sad that the jeweler wouldn’t know the difference, especially since a blue topaz of that size is about $60 and a nice aquamarine would be nearly $1,000. Too bad for Bob and Kathy he didn’t accidentally sell them an aquamarine for $40.

To be continued…

No Bunko Without a Loupe!

mrahm — Tue, 03 Apr 2012 04:33:14 +0000

I was once invited to join my friend’s Bunko group as a guest player. When word got around that I was a Graduate Gemologist, all the women were showing me their diamond rings to take a look.

One woman had a terribly off-cut stone in her engagement ring she bought at a chain store. I was a bit hesitant to say anything as she clearly was proud of her steal-of-a-deal when she proclaimed to the group how much she paid for it. She rescued me from my reluctance to speak when she admitted she got a good deal because the princess cut diamond wasn’t quite symmetrical. Whew! I was glad she was aware and I simply nodded my head in agreement.

Another woman stuck her huge moissanite ring in my face. I told her I thought it was a gorgeous moissanite ring…she was completely offended and became very combative. She insisted her stone was a 2+ carat diamond that she got a great deal on down in the Caribbean because it had a yellowish hue. I’m pretty good at spotting moissanite, especially large stones, due to it’s high dispersion and distinct yellowish hue. But unfortunately, I didn’t have my loupe with me to check for the strong doubling of moissanite. While I was pretty sure the stone was moissanite, I didn’t want to make that call for sure without my loupe.

From that day on, I carry a loupe in my purse in case I’m faced with a similar situation again. Assuming I was right, this woman clearly didn’t realize what she had purchased down in the Caribbean…which leads me to my next series of posts about my recent trip to Greece and Turkey…

To be continued…

World’s Largest Aquamarine

mrahm — Sat, 31 Mar 2012 00:05:33 +0000

I couldn’t let March slip by without showing you this fantastic aquamarine. You should have heard the gasp in the room when we first saw this stunning piece. This is the world’s largest cut aquamarine from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Dom Pedro, named after the first Emperor of Brazil, was fashioned from the largest gem quality aquamarine crystal ever found.

The gem quality aquamarine crystal was discovered about 20 years ago and came out of the mine in three pieces. The two smaller pieces got cut up into gemstones right away. The third and largest piece that was to become the Dom Pedro weighed nearly 60 lbs.

Renowned artist and gem cutter, Bernd Munsteiner of Germany was selected to cut the 60 lb. crystal. I was told that he spent 3 months studying the crystal and 6 months cutting it. It is said that for each initial saw cut to shape the crystal, $250,000 worth of fine aquamarine was lost in dust.

The amazing finished piece is nearly 14 inches tall and weighs 10,363 carats, or about 5 pounds. It is estimated to still have $5,000,000 -$6,000,000 worth of aquamarine in it.

You can see this and many other heart-stopping gems at our Nation’s Gem and Mineral Collection at the Smithsonian in Washington, DC. They are currently working on a new exhibit for the Dom Pedro that is expected to be on display sometime in Spring 2012.

Typical Diamond Crystal

mrahm — Mon, 26 Mar 2012 23:12:08 +0000

On Friday I showed an interesting 266 carat diamond crystal cluster. That specimen is very rare as diamonds don’t normally form in large crystal clusters like that.

This picture shows how gem quality diamond crystals are typically found. This clean clear crystal is still attached to the volcanic rock that carried the diamond to the surface and broke away from the kimberlite matrix. Miners look for this type of diamond crystal to eventually be cut and faceted for the jewelry industry. Lower quality diamonds are used for industrial purposes, such as cutting tools.

Cold As Ice

mrahm — Fri, 23 Mar 2012 22:17:29 +0000

Ice seems an appropriate slang term for diamonds…not only because a gorgeous colorless diamond can be as clear as ice, but also because they can be cold as ice.

This interesting diamond crystal cluster is an amazing specimen because most diamond rough doesn’t form in clusters. The common greasy, shiny look of rough diamonds made this photo difficult to take, but you get the idea…each lump is a different diamond crystal.

I had the opportunity to hold this amazing 266 carat rough diamond crystal cluster in my hand and couldn’t believe how cold it felt. That’s because diamond is the best known conductor of heat. Just by holding it in my hand it was sucking the heat right out of my hand, thus it felt very, very cold.

Most people aren’t aware of this property in diamonds or don’t have the opportunity to really experience it because most diamonds on the market are too small to really feel a temperature difference. As a jeweler, I am aware of this property from my GIA training, after all, a diamond tester works by this principle. But holding this cluster in my hand really drove the point home.

This amazing 266 carat diamond crystal cluster is part of our National Gem & Mineral Collection at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington DC.

Australian Gold Nugget

mrahm — Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:58:42 +0000

When I think of raw 24k gold, I think of panning for gold and getting tiny nuggets or gold flakes…like the flakes you see at the bottom of the little glass water bottles sold in souvenir shops. I can’t imagine the elation of finding a nugget like this!

On Monday I showed you an interesting 4.8 ounce crystallized gold nugget worth over $100,000. Here we have a larger gold nugget (I think it looks like a dragon’s head and neck). While there are no in-tact crystals in this piece, this fabulous 24k gold nugget from Australia weighs 11 ounces and is worth over $18,000 in today’s market! Whew! I think I’ll start looking a little closer during my hikes in the mountains.

This piece is part of our National Gem & Mineral Collection at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington DC.

Is it a goldfish or what?

mrahm — Mon, 19 Mar 2012 17:52:27 +0000

This photo looks a little bit like a dead goldfish, but it’s actually an interesting piece of solid 24k gold. The bars you see are actually gold crystals. Because the crystals are in tact, this 4.8 ounce piece of gold is actually worth over $100,000.

This piece is part of our National Gem & Mineral Collection at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington DC.

From $15k to $125k in 8 short years

mrahm — Fri, 16 Mar 2012 18:12:10 +0000

I love the story behind this awesome aquamarine crystal. This crystal weighs about 5 pounds and is among the largest, most beautiful aquamarine crystals I’ve ever seen. The owner of the crystal has a beautiful collection of mineral specimens now, but this wasn’t always the case.

Just eight years ago he was camping in the hills near Tucson during the Gem Show (he couldn’t spring for a hotel room). He said he had $1,000 to his name when he came to the show and spotted this crystal. He loved it so much, he borrowed the $15,000 to buy it. He quickly turned around and sold it for $25,000. His good fortune provided the basis for starting his mineral collection. The large aquamarine crystal has changed hands a few times over the years, but he never forgot the crystal that got him started.

Recently, the owner bought the crystal back for $75,000…that’s $75,000 for a crystal he bought just 8 years earlier for $15,000. When I asked him if he regrets not hanging on to the crystal all these years, he said he has no regrets. He needed the extra money back then and he’s happy to spend $75,000 for the crystal now because he believes he could resell it for $125,000!

That’s an amazing story to me knowing that mineral crystals can appraise in value so quickly. I never imagined…it makes me wonder when this lovely crystal was actually pulled from the mine and what sort of history it has prior to eight years ago.

Corundum Treatments Workshop

mrahm — Thu, 15 Mar 2012 01:57:08 +0000

I was so fortunate to be able to attend the Corundum Treatments & Pricing Workshop in Denver on Monday, March 12, 2012. This extremely valuable workshop was lead by Dr. Cigdem Lule, FGA, GG & Richard Drucker, GG, President, Gemworld International, Inc.

In the workshop, we learned about heating, glass-filling, diffusing and other methods used to enhance the appearance of corundum, which is the species name for ruby and sapphire.

As you might know from my previous posts, these treatments are having a profound effect on the market. The sale of treated corundum has dramatically increased the supply of products sold as ruby and sapphire. Accurately pricing corundum requires a professional gemologist to distinguish not only between treated and natural, but also between the various treatments encountered in today’s global market.

The workshop was a real eye-opener for me. I learned so much about how to identify and distinguish between various corundum treatments. I would strongly recommend this workshop to everyone in the jewelry trade. If you sell jewelry, do appraisals or even take in jewelry to buy, it is important for you to know this information so you can properly serve your customers. There’s something for EVERYONE to learn in this workshop regardless of how seasoned you might be.

The Corundum Treatments and Pricing Workshop was designed by Gemworld International, Inc. , the leading provider of price trend/marketing information for the international gemstone trade, to reconcile the pricing of rubies and sapphires by specific treatment type.

Gorgeous Chatham Ruby Ring

mrahm — Mon, 12 Mar 2012 15:50:54 +0000

Several of you were curious about the ring above, also shown in my previous post. It’s one of our gorgeous Chatham ruby rings at http://www.ourcustomweddingrings.com.

A 6.5mm round gem quality Chatham lab-grown ruby is gently wrapped in this beautifully lined 18k white gold ruby engagement ring. The gorgeous twisted band features G-H color eye-clean SI1-SI2 clarity natural diamond accents weighing 0.54 cttw. The gentle split shank tapers from 3mm at the bottom to 5.5mm at its widest point before meeting at the stone. It looks fabulous with its matching band KI-117335-W sold separately.

Chatham flux-grown rubies are real rubies with the same chemical, physical and optical properties as their natural counterparts, they’re just grown in a lab rather than mined. These gorgeous lab-grown rubies mimic the vivid pigeon blood color of the finest Burmese rubies. Their color is natural, their structure is stable and gem quality means there are no inclusions visible to the naked eye.

If you’re in the market for a nice ruby but you’re budget-conscious or green-minded, consider a Chatham-created ruby. They are a nice alternative to fine natural rubies.

Ruby Treatments

mrahm — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 19:57:03 +0000

With all this talk about glass-filled rubies, you might be concerned about buying a ruby. I’m not trying scare anyone away from buying a ruby. I just want to make this treatment aware to you so you can be armed with knowledge if you’re in the market for a ruby.

I called each of my vendors to make absolutely certain none of them have switched to glass-filled rubies. They all assured me they had not. However, one of my reps told me their rubies were all natural untreated rubies. Again, the warning bells in my head went off. She was a bit offended when I told her that couldn’t possibly be true or their product would be much more expensive. She was a little put off and argumentative when I insisted she call her stone supplier for clarification.

Ten minutes later, my rep called me back to apologize. She was wrong, the stones were, indeed, heat treated (like nearly ALL rubies on the market). But they are not glass-filled. I was relieved.

Again, this story drives the point home that a salesperson may not know the correct answer to your question. Make sure you speak to someone who is credentialed and knowledgeable about the topic. If you suspect you’re not getting the correct answer, ask to speak with a buyer.

Always be on guard if someone tells you a ruby is natural untreated! While there is a tiny percentage of these on the market, and the price will reflect that, almost all rubies in the jewelry market today are at least heat treated.

For more details about the topic of glass-filled rubies, see the previous several posts.

Glass Filled Rubies: Undetected

mrahm — Wed, 07 Mar 2012 17:59:16 +0000

Monday’s post featured an article by Arthur Skuratowicz, recognized expert in gemology and founder of JewelryTrainingCenter.com, with helpful tips in identifying glass filled rubies.

Today, Arthur shows examples of what happens to glass filled rubies when the treatment goes undetected. If you’re in the market for a ruby, I strongly suggest you read both articles.

Articles Written By:
Arthur Anton Skuratowicz GJG (GIA) JewelryTrainingCenter.com
Senior Member of the National Association of Jewelry Appraisers
Julie Nash ASA, GJG (GIA)
Master Gemologist Appraiser ®

Co-authors of the book:
Working With Gemstones: A Bench Jewelers Guide

http://www.mjsa.org/info_press.php

Anton Nash LLC
Independent Jewelry Appraisers
An American Gem Society Accredited Gemological Laboratory
Valuation Through Ethics and Expertise
1-888-440-NASH (1-888-440-6274)
www.AntonNash.com

Identifying Glass-Filled Rubies

mrahm — Mon, 05 Mar 2012 17:53:28 +0000

Recently there has been an influx of glass filled rubies on the market, which has created quite a stir in the jewelry industry. And while they can be beautiful, these glass filled rubies most often hit the market without any disclosure of the treatment, hence, they can also be disasters waiting to happen.

As a friend once said, glass filled rubies are like shattered rubies that have been dunked in a bucket of glue to hold them together. Once the glue dries, the treatment is essentially undetectable to the untrained eye…Yikes

Arthur Skuratowicz, recognized expert in gemology and founder of JewelryTrainingCenter.com, recently gave an intriguing presentation on glass filled rubies to our Mile High GIA Alumni Association. The articles that follow will give you insight on how to identify glass-filled rubies, and what can happen to them when the treatment goes undetected. If you’re in the market for a ruby, I strongly suggest you read these articles over the next two days.

Articles Written By:
Arthur Anton Skuratowicz GJG (GIA) JewelryTrainingCenter.com
Senior Member of the National Association of Jewelry Appraisers
Julie Nash ASA, GJG (GIA)
Master Gemologist Appraiser ®

Co-authors of the book:
Working With Gemstones: A Bench Jewelers Guide

http://www.mjsa.org/info_press.php

Anton Nash LLC
Independent Jewelry Appraisers
An American Gem Society Accredited Gemological Laboratory
Valuation Through Ethics and Expertise
1-888-440-NASH (1-888-440-6274)
www.AntonNash.com

Glass-Filled Rubies: They’re Everywhere…

mrahm — Fri, 02 Mar 2012 20:42:45 +0000

The topic of glass-filled rubies seems to be popping up everywhere! Shortly after I returned from Tucson, I was thrilled to see that GIA released this interesting and informative video “What You Need To Know About Glass-Filled Rubies”.

In the video, researchers at GIA discuss the instability of glass-filled rubies and explain why they identify these stones on lab reports as a “manufactured product” rather than natural ruby. The video is a must-see for jewelry tradesmen and consumers alike. http://www.gia.edu/media/videos/GD-Lead-Glass-Filled-Ruby.html

Also, just this week I received my March/April 2012 issue of The Gem Guide. In it was an article about glass-filled rubies…imagine that! The author, Stuart M. Robertson, GIA GG, states the laboratory community has reported that numerous examples of lead glass filled rubies are basically pieces of corundum held together with glass. He later cites a quote from Christopher Smith of The American Gemological Laboratories (AGL), “These stone are often so heavily treated that it is not always possible to determine how much of the stone is actually ruby and how much is glass.”

Now, if this information isn’t alarming to you, it should be. Tune in on Monday for more detailed information on identifying glass-filled rubies under magnification.

Photo taken by Margaret Gilmore, provided by www.gemguide.com.

Glass-Filled Rubies: A Scavenger Hunt

mrahm — Thu, 01 Mar 2012 19:05:20 +0000

Yesterday I talked about a couple who came to my office to view a Chatham ruby, then the conversation turned to glass-filled rubies. I think the Glass-Filled Ruby Police are following me, because this topic keeps coming up over and over again…hence the reason I’ll be dedicating several posts to the subject.

Four days after the couple visited my office, I left for the Tucson Gem Show. When I arrived, my friend, who is also a jeweler but not a gemologist, was excited to show me her killer bargain…two beautiful “natural rubies” over a carat each that she bought for $40 and $50. Immediately warning bells went off in my head…I asked her if she looked at the stones under magnification, and the answer was no…she just thought they were pretty and a good price.

After a mental struggle of whether or not I should be a know-it-all, I grabbed my loupe and asked if I could see the stones. Like the stones in the necklace four days prior, these stones were heavily laden with bubbles and shiny filled fractures. I gently broke the news that this fabulous bargain was actually a rip-off…she received glass filled rubies, I mean, glass corundum composite manufactured product (more on this later).

She took a peek for herself and incorrectly thought she was looking at wispy veils of flux inclusions and became very upset that she was sold lab-grown flux rubies instead of natural. I was stunned that she was more upset about possibly having lab-grown rubies rather than unstable glass-filled rubies. Clearly, she didn’t know the dangers of these stones. I explained that glass-filled rubies are highly unstable and can literally fall apart after submersion in common household cleaners or during jewelry repairs. Lab-grown rubies, on the other hand, have stable color and structure and won’t fall apart in these situations. Nevertheless, the dealer who sold her the stones called them natural rubies and didn’t disclose the treatment.

After an hours-long scavenger-hunt-like tour of the Gem Show floor, looking through loupes and microscopes and talking to a variety of gemology experts (my word apparently wasn’t good enough for her), she finally believed that she received glass-filled rubies. She sadly faced the harsh reality that her bargain was really a rip-off. Thankfully, rather than re-selling the stones to her customer for whom she originally purchased them, she decided to keep the “rubies” to experiment on in her shop.

There are a few of things you should take away from this story…

First: Always, always, always, remember, if the deal seems too good to be true, it probably is. My warning bells went off the minute my friend told me the price she paid.

Second: My friend has been a jeweler for 30 years, yet she mis-identified the rubies under a variety of magnification levels. When buying a ruby, be sure you’re working with a knowledgeable gemologist with training in identifying ruby treatments.

Third: Glass-filled rubies are such a problem in the trade, I’m convinced a lot of sales people don’t even know what they are selling. If you’re in the market for a natural ruby, look at it under a microscope yourself…in my following posts you’ll learn what to look for to know whether or not your ruby is glass-filled.

Finally: Just because a ruby may be considered a “natural ruby,” doesn’t mean it hasn’t been treated. Nearly all rubies on the market today have been treated in some fashion to enhance color and/or clarity.

This topic to be continued…

Image provided by The Jewelry Training Center.